ABSTRACT Introduction: Due to Brazilian population aging, prevalence of aortic stenosis, and limited number of scores in literature, it is essential to develop risk scores adapted to our reality and created in the specific context of this disease. Methods: This is an observational historical cohort study with analysis of 802 aortic stenosis patients who underwent valve replacement at Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, from 1996 to 2018. With the aid of logistic regression, a weighted risk score was constructed based on the magnitude of the coeficients β of the logistic equation. Two performance statistics were obtained: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the chi-square (χ2) of Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit with Pearson’s correlation coeficient between the observed events and predicted as a model calibration estimate. Results: The risk predictors that composed the score were valve replacement surgery combined with coronary artery bypass grafting, prior renal failure, New York Heart Association class III/IV heart failure, age > 70 years, and ejection fraction < 50%. The receiver operating characteristic curve area was 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.72-0.82); regarding the model calibration estimated between observed/predicted mortality, Hosmer-Lemeshow test χ2 = 3,70 (P=0.594) and Pearson’s coeficient r = 0.98 (P<0.001). Conclusion: We propose the creation of a simple score, adapted to the Brazilian reality, with good performance and which can be validated in other institutions.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Due to Brazilian population aging, prevalence of aortic stenosis, and limited number of scores in literature, it is essential to develop risk scores adapted to our reality and created in the specific context of this disease. Methods: This is an observational historical cohort study with analysis of 802 aortic stenosis patients who underwent valve replacement at Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, from 1996 to 2018. With the aid of logistic regression, a weighted risk score was constructed based on the magnitude of the coeficients β of the logistic equation. Two performance statistics were obtained: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the chi-square (χ2) of Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit with Pearson’s correlation coeficient between the observed events and predicted as a model calibration estimate. Results: The risk predictors that composed the score were valve replacement surgery combined with coronary artery bypass grafting, prior renal failure, New York Heart Association class III/IV heart failure, age > 70 years, and ejection fraction < 50%. The receiver operating characteristic curve area was 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.72-0.82); regarding the model calibration estimated between observed/predicted mortality, Hosmer-Lemeshow test χ2 = 3,70 (P=0.594) and Pearson’s coeficient r = 0.98 (P<0.001). Conclusion: We propose the creation of a simple score, adapted to the Brazilian reality, with good performance and which can be validated in other institutions.

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes obesos podem apresentar melhor evolução pós-intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) quando comparados àqueles com índice de massa corporal (IMC) normal, o chamado "paradoxo da obesidade". Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar se esse paradoxo ocorre em nosso meio. MÉTODOS: Incluímos neste estudo 4.957 pacientes submetidos consecutivamente a ICP. Os pacientes foram classificados em não-obesos (IMC < 30 kg/m²) e obesos (IMC > 30 kg/m²). Eventos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares adversos maiores (ECCAM) foram registrados na alta hospitalar. RESULTADOS: O grupo de obesos apresentou-se três anos mais jovem, com maior prevalência de fatores de risco para doença arterial coronária, à exceção do tabagismo. A apresentação clínica foi semelhante, prevalecendo os quadros clínicos estáveis. Predominaram os pacientes com acometimento uniarterial, as características de complexidade das lesões não diferiram entre os grupos, à exceção de lesões calcificadas, e a disfunção ventricular esquerda foi menos frequente no grupo de obesos. O diâmetro e a extensão dos stents utilizados foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A taxa de sucesso do procedimento foi alta e similar para obesos e não-obesos. Na alta hospitalar, a incidência de ECCAM (2,5% vs. 2,7%; P = 0,76), óbito hospitalar (1% vs. 1,1%; P = 0,88), acidente vascular cerebral (0,1% vs. 0,1%; P = 0,79), infarto agudo do miocárdio (1,6% vs. 1,8%; P = 0,74) e revascularização miocárdica de emergência (0 vs. 0,1%; P = 0,35) não mostrou diferenças entre os grupos. Idade, diabetes, hipertensão e lesões tipo B2/C foram as variáveis que melhor explicaram a presença de ECCAM. CONCLUSÕES: Em pacientes portadores de doença arterial coronária e submetidos a ICP, o IMC > 30 kg/m² não influenciou o risco de eventos clínicos hospitalares relacionados ao procedimento.

BACKGROUND: Obese patients may have better outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared to those with normal body mass index (BMI), the so-called "obesity paradox". This study was aimed at evaluating whether this paradox is observed in our country. METHODS: This study included 4,957 consecutive patients submitted to PCI. Patients were classified as non-obese (BMI < 30 kg/m²) and obese (BMI > 30 kg/m²). Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) were recorded at hospital discharge. RESULTS: The obese group was three years younger, with a higher prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease, except for smoking. Clinical presentation was similar, with a predominance of stable coronary patients. Single vessel disease was the most frequent finding and the complexity of the lesions was not different between groups, except for calcified lesions, and left ventricular dysfunction was less frequent in the obese group. Stent diameter and length were similar between groups. Procedure success rate was high and similar for obese and non-obese patients. At hospital discharge, the incidence of MACCE (2.5% vs. 2.7%; P = 0.76), in-hospital death (1% vs. 1.1%; P = 0.88), stroke (0.1% vs. 0.1%; P = 0.79), acute myocardial infarction (1.6% vs. 1.8%; P = 0.74) and emergency CABG (0 vs. 0.1%; P = 0.35) was not different between groups. Age, diabetes, hypertension and type B2/C lesions were the variables that best explained MACCE. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with coronary artery disease undergoing PCI, BMI > 30 kg/m² did not influence the risk of procedure-related in-hospital clinical events.

INTRODUÇÃO: A intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) primária é a mais eficaz técnica de reperfusão no infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) e seu sucesso depende de múltiplos fatores. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil e comparar os resultados hospitalares da ICP primária entre os pacientes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e da saúde suplementar (SS). MÉTODOS: Entre 2006 e 2010, 493 pacientes foram submetidos a ICP primária, sendo 220 tratados pelo SUS e 273, pela SS. A técnica e a escolha do material ficaram a cargo dos operadores. RESULTADOS: O grupo SUS tinha maior número de pacientes Killip > I. Doença coronária multiarterial, fluxo coronário pré-procedimento TIMI 0/1 e presença de colaterais para o vaso tratado não diferiram entre os grupos. O grupo SS utilizou mais cateteres de aspiração de trombos (10% vs. 20,8%; P < 0,01) e inibidores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa (24,1% vs. 36,6%; P < 0,01). Não houve diferença em relação ao tempo porta-balão (62,3 minutos vs. 64,2 minutos; P = 0,91). Para os pacientes encaminhados de outros hospitais, no entanto, o tempo de transferência foi maior no SUS (400,8 minutos vs. 262,4 minutos; P < 0,01). O sucesso da ICP e a ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares maiores (ECCAM) não diferiram entre os grupos (6,3% vs. 6,2%; P = 0,1). Idade, Killip III/IV e tempo de transferência foram as variáveis que melhor explicaram a ocorrência de ECCAM. CONCLUSÕES: As diferenças nos perfis clínico, angiográfico e do procedimento dos pacientes submetidos a ICP primária, atendidos pelo SUS e pela SS, não tiveram impacto nos ECCAM. O tempo de transferência, entretanto, elevado nos dois grupos e maior no grupo SUS, mostrou ser preditor independente de eventos adversos.

BACKGROUND: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the most effective reperfusion technique in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and its success rate depends on many factors. This study aimed to assess the profile and to compare in-hospital outcomes of primary PCI among patients from the Public Healthcare System (PuHS) versus those from the Private Healthcare System (PrHS). METHODS: From 2006 to 2010, 493 patients were submitted to primary PCI, of which 220 were treated by the PuHS and 273 by the PrHS. Procedure technique and materials were left to the operator's discretion. RESULTS: The PuHS group had a larger number of Killip > 1 patients. Multivessel coronary disease, pre-procedure coronary flow TIMI 0/1 and the presence of collaterals for the treated vessel did not differ between groups. The PrHS group used more thromboaspiration catheters (10% vs. 20.8%; P < 0.01) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (24.1% vs. 36.6%; P < 0.01). There was no difference for door-to-balloon times (62.3 minutes vs. 64.2 minutes; P = 0.91). For patients referred from other hospitals, however, transportation times were higher for PuHS patients (400.8 minutes vs. 262.4 minutes; P < 0.01). PCI success rates and the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) did not differ between groups (6.3% vs. 6.2%; P = 0.1). Age, Killip III/IV and transportation time were the variables that best explained the occurrence of MACCE. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the clinical, angiographic and procedure profile of patients undergoing primary PCI treated by the PuHS and the PrHS did not have an impact on MACCE. Transportation times, however, high in both groups and higher in the PuHS group, proved to be an independent predictor of adverse events.

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos prévios demonstram que há diferenças entre homens e mulheres em relação aos resultados clínicos pós-intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP). Buscamos avaliar as diferenças entre os gêneros na apresentação tanto clínica como angiográfica e nos resultados hospitalares de pacientes submetidos a ICP contemporânea. MÉTODOS: No período de 2002 a 2009, 6.067 pacientes consecutivos foram submetidos a ICP, dos quais 2.021 (33,3%) eram do sexo feminino. A técnica e a escolha do material durante o procedimento ficaram a cargo dos operadores. RESULTADOS: O sexo feminino mostrou ser mais idoso e com maior ocorrência de fatores de risco para aterosclerose, à exceção do tabagismo. Prevaleceu nas mulheres o quadro clínico de síndrome coronária aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. As mulheres apresentaram maior prevalência de doença uniarterial e menor prevalência de lesões B2/C, trombos, lesões em bifurcações, e disfunção ventricular moderada a grave. Os pacientes foram tratados predominantemente com stents não-farmacológicos e não foram observadas diferenças quanto ao diâmetro e à extensão dos stents. Não foram observadas diferenças na incidência hospitalar de eventos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares adversos maiores (1,5% vs. 1,4%; P = 0,76), óbito (0,9% vs. 0,6%; P = 0,15), acidente vascular cerebral (0,05% vs. 0,05%; P > 0,99), infarto agudo do miocárdio (0,7% vs. 1,1%; P = 0,16) e cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica de emergência (0,1% vs. 0; P = 0,62). Diabetes, coronariopatia multiarterial, lesões tipo B2/C e oclusões totais foram as variáveis que melhor explicaram a ocorrência de eventos hospitalares. CONCLUSÕES: As mulheres, que representam um terço dos pacientes submetidos a ICP em nosso serviço, têm perfil clínico mais grave, mas menor complexidade anatômica que os homens. Neste estudo, o sexo feminino não foi preditor de eventos clínicos adversos hospitalares.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have shown there are differences in the clinical outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between men and women. We tried to assess gender differences in clinical and angiographic presentation as well as in the in-hospital outcomes of patients undergoing contemporary PCI. METHODS: From 2002 to 2009, 6,067 consecutive patients were submitted to PCI, of these, 2,021 (33.3%) were women. The interventional strategy, including the type of stent implanted, was conducted at the operators discretion. RESULTS: The female gender was older and had a greater incidence of risk factors for atherosclerosis, except for smoking. Acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation was the most prevalent presentation in women. Women had a higher number of single vessel lesions and a lower prevalence of B2/C lesions, thrombi, bifurcation lesions and moderate to severe ventricular dysfunction. Patients were predominantly treated with bare metal stents and no differences were observed for the diameter and length of the stents. No differences were observed for the in-hospital incidence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (1.5% vs. 1.4%; P = 0.76), death (0.9% vs. 0.6%; P = 0.15), stroke (0.05% vs. 0.05%; P > 0.99), acute myocardial infarction (0.7% vs. 1.1%; P = 0.16) and emergency myocardial revascularization surgery (0.1% vs. 0; P = 0.62). Diabetes, multivessel coronary artery disease, B2/C type lesions and total occlusions were the variables that best explained the occurrence of in-hospital events. CONCLUSIONS: Women correspond to one third of the patients undergoing PCI at our service and have a more severe clinical profile, but lower anatomic complexity than men. In our study, the female gender was not a predictor of in-hospital adverse clinical events.

OBJETIVO: Esclarecer se, em indivíduos saudáveis, a prática de ioga pode modificar a pressão inspiratória máxima e os índices espirométricos quando comparada com a prática de ginástica aeróbia. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico controlado. Foram alocados consecutivamente 31 voluntários hígidos, formando-se dois grupos: um que praticou ginástica aeróbia (n = 15) e outro que praticou ioga (n = 16). Os indivíduos do primeiro grupo serviram como controles e praticaram ginástica aeróbia em duas sessões semanais com duração de 45 a 60 minutos por três meses. Os indivíduos do segundo grupo praticaram posturas selecionadas de ioga em duas sessões semanais com a mesma duração, também por três meses. Capacidade vital forçada, volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo e pressão inspiratória máxima foram medidos antes e ao final dos três meses de treinamento. RESULTADOS: Os índices espirométricos não apresentaram alterações significativas. As práticas de ioga ou ginástica aeróbia resultaram em pequenos aumentos da pressão inspiratória máxima, não significativos estatisticamente. Contudo, o delta absoluto da pressão inspiratória máxima (final menos inicial) do grupo que praticou ioga demonstrou uma variação positiva significativa para ambos os sexos em relação ao grupo controle: sexo masculino 19,5 cm H2O versus 2,8 cm H2O (p = 0,05), e sexo feminino 20 cm H(2)0 versus 3,9 cm H2O (p = 0,01), respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A pressão inspiratória máxima de indivíduos que praticaram ioga ou ginástica aeróbia não aumentou de maneira estatisticamente significativa após três meses de treinamento. Entretanto, a variação absoluta da pressão inspiratória máxima foi maior entre os praticantes de ioga.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify whether, in healthy individuals, practicing yoga can modify maximal inspiratory pressure and spirometric indices when compared with the practice of aerobic exercise. MEYHODS: A controlled clinical trial. A total of 31 healthy volunteers were allocated to practice aerobic exercise (n = 15) or to practice yoga (n = 16). Those in the first group served as controls and engaged in aerobic exercise for 45-60 minutes, twice a week for three months. Those in the second group practiced selected yogic techniques, also in sessions of 45-60 minutes, twice a week for three months. Forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second and maximal inspiratory pressure were measured before and after the three months of training. RESULTS: No significant alterations were seen in the spirometric indices. A slight, although not significant, improvement in maximal inspiratory pressure was seen in both groups. However, there was a significant difference, seen in both genders, between the absolute delta (final value minus baseline value) of maximal inspiratory pressure for the group practicing yoga and that obtained for the group engaging in aerobic exercise (males: 19.5 cm H2O versus 2.8 cm H2O, p = 0.05; females: 20 cm H2O versus 3.9 cm H2O, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Neither yoga nor aerobic exercise provided a statistically significant improvement in maximal inspiratory pressure after three months. However, the absolute variation in maximal inspiratory pressure was greater among those practicing yoga.